Perfect modals: значення у минулому

Тонкі нюанси perfect modals

• needn’t have + V3 — дія відбулася даремно: You needn’t have bought so much.
• didn’t need to + base — не було потреби (і, ймовірно, не робили): We didn’t need to buy any.
• could have + V3:
  • Нереалізована можливість: You could have called.
  • Минула можливість / гіпотеза: It could have rained last night.
  • М’який докір: You could at least have texted.
• couldn’t have + V3:
  • Неможливий висновок: He couldn’t have been there.
  • Умовна нездатність: I couldn’t have done it without you.
• shouldn’t have + V3 — даремно зробив: You shouldn’t have spent so much.
• might as well + base — «мабуть, варто»: We might as well leave.
• might as well have + V3 — іронія через поганий результат: You were so late, we might as well have stayed home.

Додаткові форми та ступінь упевненості

• Perfect Continuous: must / might / could / should have been V‑ing — підкреслюють процес: She must have been sleeping when I called.
• Passive: must / might / should have been done — фокус на дії, а не на виконавці: The documents must have been sent yesterday.
• Питання можливі: Could he have left?, Should I have told her?

Швидка пам’ятка

Had better

• Форма: ’d better + base, заперечення ’d better not + base; без to.
• Значення: сильна порада + попередження про наслідки: You’d better leave.
• Час: говоримо про теперішнє або майбутнє; минуле — рідкісний виняток.
• Питання звучать неприродно → використовуємо ствердження/заперечення.
• Порівняння: should м’якше, had better — терміновіший тон.

Be supposed to

• Обов’язок / правило / очікування: You’re supposed to wear a uniform.
• План або розклад: The train is supposed to arrive at 6.
• Чутки / загальна думка: She is supposed to be rich.
• Минуле нездійснене: I was supposed to call her yesterday.
• Очікування до ще більш раннього моменту: She was supposed to have arrived by 7.
• Заперечення = заборона: You’re not supposed to park here.
• Питання: Are we supposed to bring ID?
• Не плутати з прислівником supposedly: She is supposedly rich.

Mean / meant

• mean + -ing — наслідок: Missing the bus means being late.
• mean + to + V — мати намір: I meant to call you.
• be meant to + V ≈ be supposed to: This course is meant to help beginners.
• mean for sb to + V: I didn’t mean for you to see that.
• mean + that-clause: This means (that) we’ll need more time.
• Форми: mean – meant – meant (/miːn/ – /ment/ – /ment/).
• Ідіома: mean well — «мати добрі наміри».

Ще корисні perfect інфінітиви

• seem / appear to have + V3: He seems to have left.
• be likely / unlikely to have + V3: They’re likely to have finished by now.
• was / were to have + V3 (формально): We were to have met at noon, but it was cancelled.

Типові помилки та виправлення

• ✗ He mustn’t have seen us. → ✓ He can’t have seen us.
• ✗ We didn’t need buy so much. → ✓ We didn’t need to buy so much.
• ✗ You shouldn’t have to tell me earlier. → ✓ You should have told me earlier.
• ✗ He might have to leave already. (про минуле) → ✓ He might have left already.
• ✗ You had better to go. → ✓ You’d better go.

Міні-вправи

А. Обери варіант

1. I’m not sure where Anna is — she may have left early.
2. They should have arrived by now — the flight landed at 3.
3. You needn’t have brought dessert — we already had plenty.
4. He must have been sleeping when you called — he never answers at 2 a.m.
5. You ’d better not be late again.

В. Переформулюй

6. Perhaps she finished the report. → She might / may have finished the report.
7. I’m certain he didn’t see us. → He can’t / couldn’t have seen us.
8. It was unnecessary, but he paid for the taxi. → He needn’t have paid for the taxi.
9. It was a mistake that you told her. → You shouldn’t have told her.
10. According to the schedule, the concert starts at 7. → The concert is supposed to start at 7.

С. Переклади

11. He must have eaten already. (BrE також: He’ll have eaten already.)
12. You ’d better not argue with the teacher.
13. She is supposed to have arrived already.
14. I couldn’t have done it without you.